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Black nickel plating in PCBs (circuit boards)

Anyone familiar with Black Nickel phenomena? It occurs when plating Immersion Gold over electroless Nickel, over copper foil, wherein copper is on a printed circuit board (PWB or PCB). If possible, explain this phenomena, and why is causes brittle, weak solder joints after soldering an electrical component to a gold/nickel/copper pad. Cite any printed references you may have seen on this topic. Thanks

michael alderete
Aerojet - Azusa California
1999

I suppose you are worried about the weak solder joint and not the colour of the nickel. Forget the colour change and check If you are using the right kind of solder and flux for the gold soldering because the normal type is not recommended it would cause the joint as weak and thin.

M. Khawar
Islamabad, Pakistan
1999

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1999

M.KHAWAR- Thanks for your response.

I had understood that the so-called "black nickel" phenomenon is a plating defect which may produce poor solder joints. The physical setup is typically as follows:

• -epoxy-glass PWB (printed wiring board)
• -Cu foil [as bonded to epoxy glass]
• -approx 150 microinches Ni plating
• -approx 5 microinches Au plating

The above metallization stack-up is assumed to exist on PWB circuit pads which will be soldered to. I'd assume that eutectic solder alloy [183 °C Eutectic temperature] 63Sn/37Pb would be used to attach electrical components to these Au plated pads. The solder would be in a paste form, comprised of 63/37 solder particles in flux matrix, and the solder paste is screened onto the Au/Ni pads.

Solder attachment is then achieved by reflowing the board assembly in an oven, allowing the solder paste to melt [at >200 °C], wetting the plated pads and the component leads, and solidifying into a mechanically and electrically robust joint.

IN REFERENCE TO YOUR COMMENTS, "Forget the colour change and check If you are using the right kind of solder and flux for the gold soldering because the normal type is not recommended it would cause the joint as weak and thin."...

Are you advising that a particular solder alloy and flux be used.? If so, what would you recommend? Regards

michael alderete Sr. Engineer, Elec Packaging
Aerojet - Azusa, California

Sorry I am late. well you got right ! i:e; you need special type of alloy solder paste for the good non brittle solder joint of the pad with the wire or part.WHY? well when different types of metals are soldered together a layer of intermetallic compound is formed which is in fact non metal type and becomes brittle and any shock or stress can cause failure and gold surfaces are the most vulnerable for this kind of problem .so what you do is increase the thickness of the gold plating to around 35u inches and also use the special kind of paste for it. You can solder the thicker gold deposit with the normal solder paste but the results are not guaranteed. So please try to get the paste type from some vender as of now I don't know any address .

M. Khawar
Islamabad, Pakistan
1999