Legacy Q&A finishing Hotline
Finishing.com’s legacy Q&A archive represents decades of practical knowledge shared by people across the metal finishing world. For many years, Ted Mooney carefully curated these discussions, preserving questions, answers, debates, cautions, and real shop-floor experience that might otherwise have disappeared.
This archive is also a tribute to the many contributors who took the time to help others: platers, chemists, engineers, suppliers, students, hobbyists, consultants, and working finishers from around the world. Their shared experience made Finishing.com a rare industry resource, and this legacy section is preserved with gratitude for the history they built together.
Table of Contents
0. Choosing a Finish (corrosion, compatibility)
1. Preparing the part (mech. prep • chem. pretreat • masking & racking)
2. Metallic Finishing (stainless & titanium • anodizing & light metals • electroplating • electroless plating • PVD & vacuum processes • galvanizing • bluing/black oxide • other inorganic processes)
3. Organic Finishing (CED, electrocoat • powder coating • lacquers, clearcoats • painting, printing, adhesives)
4. Post-treatments (chemical post-treats • baking, soldering, drying • stripping & reworks)
5. Supporting Issues (analysis, lab, QA/QC • water & waste • safety, emissions • plant/process engrg. • specs, books, stats • lingo • metallurgy • precious metal recovery)
6. NON-industrial (hobbyists, around home • research, thesis • K-12 science • Artists’ Corner)
7. Not quite finishing, but interesting
CATEGORIES
0. Choosing a finish, corrosion:
Coloring Nickel Plating
– 5/1/26
Finishing Process for Zamak
– 2/13/26
Starting a small zinc plating business
– 1/25/26
Zinc oxide production: French process vs. Cyclone Method
– 12/21/25
Reddish brown coating on hand tools
– 10/1/25
GI sheet vs. CRCA for rust prevention and corrosion protection
– 7/3/25
Compatibility of aluminum and brass
– 5/16/25
Aluminum posts embedded in concrete
– 5/13/25
1. Preparation
1a. MECH PREP topics: “Grinding, polishing, vibratory finishing, buffing, honing, blasting”
Zinc die castings get black spots from vibratory finishing
– 1/9/26
Sturgis Finishing – F30 5/16″ x 5/16″ Pink Pyramid
– 12/2/25
Problems Blasting Stainless Steel
– 11/6/25
Pretreatment of hot rolled steel for Electroplating
– 11/6/25
Rust reappears after sand blasting
– 11/6/25
Deburring of Aluminum components
– 9/7/25
What is Shot Peening?
– 8/4/25
Furniture maker needs super matte perfectly even surface on aluminum tubing
– 6/2/25
1b. CHEM PREP topics: “Cleaning, pickling, etching, phosphatizing, activation”
Remove white hue from machined black ABS
– 5/21/26
Manganese phosphate coating: issues and answers
– 4/21/26
Electropolishing / electro-chemical polishing bath for silver
– 1/28/26
Ultrasonic Cleaning Causes Leopard Spots (brass & stainless steel)
– 12/19/25
Etching Copper PCBs & Designs
– 12/10/25
Starting acid dip stripping for classics
– 12/2/25
Continuous coil degreasing — White/brown spots/patches on startup
– 11/3/25
Ash Marks in Zinc Phosphating
– 9/1/25
Rust Formation Post Phosphate Pressure Wash
– 8/19/25
Yellow to brown stains after zinc phosphate
– 8/19/25
Zinc Phosphating Problems & Solutions
– 8/5/25
Need Zinc Chloride Wash Station RFQ open to all: Illinois
– 6/2/25
1c. Capping, plugging, masking, taping
Pull-through Masking plugs
– 4/24/26
Masking During a Zinc Phosphating and Powder Coating Process
– 7/23/25
Dual tone nickel + gold electroplating
– 5/31/25
Masking for Selective Silver Plating
– 3/8/25
2. Metallic & inorganic finishes
2a. STAINLESS, TITANIUM, CORROSION-RESISTANT METALS PROCESSING
Required Current Density for Electropolishing
– 11/21/25
Passivating a nickel-plated part
– 10/6/25
Electropolishing surfaces instruction
– 10/2/25
Titanium coating on titanium
– 9/21/25
Coloring Titanium in an Aluminum Anodizing Line
Inquirer often helps others, so especially deserves our help
– 9/20/25
Electropolishing and Chemical Etching Processes for Cobalt Chromium
– 7/16/25
2b. ANODIZING AND LIGHT METAL TREATMENTS (Aluminum, Magnesium)
Trouble with Iridite 14-2 on 2024
– 5/21/26
White Powder/Salts on Anodized Aluminum
– 5/16/26
Can sealer contamination contribute to white spots?
– 4/24/26
Burning damage during anodizing
– 4/22/26
Black anodizing after shot blasting is matte
– 3/28/26
Should TCP Trivalent Chromate Bath Be Filtered?
– 3/20/26
Foam Layer Growing on Anodizing Bath.
– 3/10/26
Color Anodizing Titanium: ‘First Blue’ vs Second
– 2/14/26
Hardcoat Anodizing a Fixture Plate with 4000 Tapped Holes
– 2/14/26
What is TSA Anodising
– 2/13/26
Our Black Anodize Is Now Coming Out Blue or Brown
– 2/11/26
My anodizer says they can’t rack my part
– 1/26/26
Black anodizing after shot blasting is matte
– 12/16/25
Boric-Sulfuric Acid Anodizing (BAC5632) Problems & Solutions
– 12/11/25
Anodizing after Overmolding — Tank Contamination from Plastic
– 12/11/25
How to Silver Plate Aluminum
– 12/10/25
Temperature limit for MIL-DTL-5541 chromate conversion coating
– 12/9/25
New Rectifier, Can No Longer Hard Anodize 2XXX Aluminum without Burning
– 12/9/25
Coatings/Finishes/Platings for aluminum heat sinks
– 12/4/25
Black anodizing is purple not black
– 11/10/25
Teflon Coating/Impregnation of Anodized Aluminum
– 11/7/25
Aluminum Welding Porosity — Caused by Etching?
– 11/6/25
Aluminum Sheetmetal Warping after Anodizing
– 11/5/25
Cloudy surface after clarification in nitric acid
– 10/22/25
Finishing to meet 1000 hrs Salt spray Testing on Aluminium DIecast
– 10/20/25
Chemical polishing defect (anodizing)
– 10/3/25
Type 2 anodize color consistency
– 10/3/25
How to Keep Anodized Aluminum Unsealed
– 10/1/25
Black/gray pitting after anodize – help? :)
– 9/29/25
Chem Film Rework plan
– 9/20/25
Aluminum Anodizing flakes off after heating to 125 °C
– 9/17/25
Clear Anodized 6061 — Black Pitting in Bore
– 9/13/25
3-D Printed Aluminum Won’t Anodize Black
– 9/9/25
Magnesium electropolishing and annealing
– 8/21/25
Phosphate Contamination in Nickel Acetate Seal
– 8/18/25
Clear anodize has a yellow tint
– 8/13/25

Rainbow effect / defect on anodized aluminum?
– 8/5/25

Aluminum in the 1930’s: “Deplated Finish”
– 7/18/25
Zirconization of anodized aluminum
– 7/1/25
Ultrasonic rinsing after anodizing
– 6/16/25

Black spots /shadow on anodized aluminum corners
– 6/13/25
Anodizing Of Cast Aluminum (ADC12)
– 6/12/25
White spots in anodizing of castings
– 5/15/25
Anodizing of firearms. Refinishing AR15 receivers
– 5/12/25
Passivation of Polished Aluminum
– 5/12/25
2c. ELECTROPLATING and ELECTROFORMING
Hard Chrome Plating Aluminum Printed Parts
– 5/13/26
Copper Plating on Bronze Has Poor Adhesion
– 5/6/26
What type of plating is this?
– 4/22/26
Silver Plating on Tellurium Copper
– 3/30/26
Problems in 14k gold plating solution
– 3/19/26
Problems in cyanide copper plating
– 2/13/26
Old Gold Plating Solution Available RFQ open to all: New York
– 2/12/26
Formulating a Non-Cyanide Gold Plating Solution
– 2/11/26
Silver plating on resistor terminal is oxidizing
– 1/29/26
Copper plating — Roughness in acid copper on gravure cylinders
– 1/28/26
Using Copper Oxide for Electroplating
– 1/26/26
Zinc plating of SS without Woods nickel
– 1/8/26
Watt’s Matte Nickel Is Suddenly Bright
– 1/5/26
Pitting problem in bright nickel plating bath
– 1/5/26
Nickel Plating Adhesion Problems & Adhesion Testing
– 1/5/26
Plating zinc diecast (Zamak-3): Process sequence?
– 12/14/25
Acid Copper Plating: issues & problems
– 12/10/25
Black Nickel Plating without Black Salts Available
– 12/9/25
Need Gold Plating of SS appliances RFQ open to all: Baltimore
– 12/4/25
Inspection of Zinc Nickel plating
– 11/10/25
Plating gold directly onto brass
– 11/5/25
Corrosion of zinc plating after 55 days in transit
– 11/3/25
Delayed blistering of plated diecast parts
– 11/2/25
Porosity Problems in Hard Chrome Plating
– 10/26/25
Extreme LCD problem, Ni strike & Ag cyanide don’t cover
– 10/19/25
Raising tensile strength in Nickel Sulfamate bath 3rd Rqst
– 10/18/25
Need CAD finish RFQ open to all: Salem Virginia
– 10/14/25
Gold peel-off over high phosphorus electroless nickel
– 10/10/25
Sulfamate nickel plating bath problem with growths
– 10/10/25
Electroforming with Brass RFQ open to all: Vadodara India
– 10/10/25
Recubrimiento acero alto carbon
/ Coating high carbon steel
– 10/10/25
Zamac with high porosity; process is not able to cover the pores
– 10/3/25
Acid Zinc Plating is Shiny & Bluish
– 10/3/25
Egg Albumin concentration as electroforming separation aid?
– 10/1/25
Plating Pd or Au on smooth polyimide film RFQ open to all: Minnesota
– 10/1/25
Using Pre-Plated BeCu
– 10/1/25
Boric Acid and Nickel Plating
– 9/24/25
Ni-Cr Plating on Diecastings Blistered
– 9/23/25
Black spots after copper coating
– 9/22/25
Need solar absorber coatings — black chrome or blue sputter coat RFQ open to all: Colorado
– 9/21/25
Can you rework an ID on a titanium part by plating?
– 9/20/25
Gold plating of 440A
– 9/10/25
Random growths dots on Hard Chrome plating in HCD area
– 9/9/25
Need Phosphor Bronze Plating Service RFQ open to all: California
– 8/27/25

Copper is spontaneously depositing on rotogravure cylinders
– 8/21/25
Tin plated parts are turning black
– 8/14/25
Copper plating onto Silver isn’t adhering properly
– 8/6/25
Nickel-boron plating pitting problem in MEMS probe card
– 7/31/25
Alkaline Zinc Barrel Plating — Suggested current & time
– 7/23/25
Copper plating steel grounding (earthing) rods
– 7/23/25
Stain marks found on matte tin surface
– 7/3/25
Nickel plating zamac die castings for bathroom fixtures
– 7/1/25
Heavy Bronze Plating Is Delaminating
– 6/25/25
Acid zinc plating Anodes
– 6/20/25
What is the Composition of EPNS silverware?
– 6/16/25
White streaks/patches, and spots, after Nickel Plating
– 5/31/25
Blue Color Powder on Silver Plated Parts
– 5/30/25
Acid Zinc Bath Contamination
– 5/25/25
Titanium-Cadmium Plating Q&As, Problems & Solutions
– 5/24/25
Acid zinc plating: Non coverage problem
– 5/13/25
Gold/yellowing on non-chromated zinc plated Hull Cell panels
– 5/13/25
Glycol contamination in alkaline zinc bath
– 5/13/25
Alkaline zinc plating bath: How to remove carbonates
– 5/9/25
Electroplating wire with zinc/tin for Garment hangers
– 5/7/25
2d. ELECTROLESS PLATING, PLATING ON PLASTICS, IMMERSION PLATING, CHROME-LOOK SPRAYS, LIQUID METAL COATINGS
Immersion gold plating
– 5/9/26
Electroless Zinc Plating
– 2/14/26
Electroplating ABS-PC leaves skips & overlaps at parting lines
– 11/29/25
Problems Chrome Plating ABS Plastic
– 7/13/25
Mirror finish spray chrome – topcoat yellowing
– 7/6/25
Waviness problem in Nickel Chrome Plating on ABS Plastics
– 5/18/25
See more threads in this category
2e. PVD, CVD, ION IMPLANTATION, VACUUM PROCESSES
Can’t get rid of anodizing sealing smut
– 11/15/25
High Temperature PVD Coatings
– 12/14/24
2f. GALVANIZING, ALUMINIZING, HOT TIN DIPPING
Spotting, Staining, Blackening of Hot Dip Galvanized Finish
– 5/13/26
Is Double Salt Flux Causing Huge Zinc Consumption?
– 5/7/26
How to Weld Galvanizing Kettles
– 4/3/26
Pot roll ceramic bearings
– 3/30/26
Galvanizing Without Rinsing
– 1/23/26
Eliminate foam in galvanizing line
– 10/17/25
Triple Salt and Quadra Flux Densities?
– 6/23/25
How to reduce shine of galvanizing
– 6/5/25
Hot-Dip Galvanizing Kettles: how to build
– 5/30/25
Hot-Dip Galvanizing: best Nickel and Aluminium content?
– 5/13/25
2g. BLACK OXIDE, BLUING, COLORING, PATINAS
Cold Bluing / “Room Temperature Blackening” Problems
– 4/22/26
Black oxide Activator?
– 11/25/25
2h. OTHER INORGANIC FINISHING: Mechanical Plating, Nitriding & QPQ, Metal Spray, Zinc-rich Dip-Spin Coatings, Sherardizing, Rust Preventatives, etc.
Nitriding/QPQ Assistance Please
– 8/4/25
Geomet 750 Hp galvanizing
– 8/6/25
3. ORGANIC FINISHING [PAINT, POWDER COATING] . . .
3a. ELECTROPAINT PRIMING, AUTOPHORETIC COATINGS
Runs/sags & yellow stains in trunk & gutter areas
– 4/25/26
White spots in CED coating
– 4/23/26
Pin holes in CED e-coating
– 2/20/26
Electrodeposition/e-coating (CED) issues & problems
– 12/6/25
How to Increase DFT Paint Thickness in Cathodic Electrodeposition (CED) system?
– 10/25/25
Foam deposition on E-Coat/CED Parts
– 7/24/25
CED coating process questions
– 7/16/25
3b. POWDER COATING
Pinhole problems in powder coating
– 1/26/26
Checklist for Powder Coating Preventative Maintenance
– 9/10/25
3c. LACQUERS, CLEAR COATS, ELECTROPHORETIC TINTING, ANTI-TARNISH
Steel sealant for cold rolled countertop
– 3/13/25
3d. PAINTING, PRINTING, ADHESIVES AND OTHER ORGANIC COATINGS
4. POST-TREATMENTS
4a. CHEMICAL POST-TREATMENTS [CHROMATE CONVERSION COATINGS, RUST PREVENTATIVES, PATINAS, COLORIZING]
Chromate for Tin-Zinc Alloy Plating
– 5/21/26
How to achieve Brown Zinc Chromate finish?
– 4/25/26
Chromate on Zinc — Formula for Blue Passivation
– 12/20/25
Improve Shelf Life of Anodising or Stannous Sulfate
– 11/5/25
Anti tarnish for copper coating on imitation jewellery
– 11/26/25
Black zinc plating/chromate turns green
– 9/11/25
Olive drab Chromate Coating
– 6/6/25
4b. BAKING AND NON-CHEMICAL POST-TREATMENTS [HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT AND DE-EMBRITTLEMENT, ANNEALING, WHISKERS, SOLDERING, REFLOWING]
9 kt gold solder composition
– 5/5/26
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Zinc Plated Wishbones?
– 9/9/25
Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plating
– 4/28/25
4c. STRIPPING, REWORKS, ETC.
Remove copper & tin from steel with room temperature solutions
– 5/6/26
What to use as anodize remover/stripper
– 5/3/26
Stripping chem-film from aluminum
– 5/2/26
Remove rhodium plating from gold — Is Rhodium plating reversible?
– 12/9/25
Stripping Nickel From Kovar
– 7/25/25
Removing/stripping TiN (Titanium Nitride) coatings
– 5/18/25
5. SUPPORTING ISSUES
5a. ANALYSIS, LAB TECHNIQUE, Q.A., SALT SPRAY TESTING
UV-Vis Spectrophotometry for Plating Bath Analysis
– 5/3/26
XRF vs Eddy Current for Zinc Plating on Steel Thickness Measurement
Inquirer often helps others, so especially deserves our help
– 2/12/26
Analyze Chrome Plating Bath; Determine sulphates
– 12/9/25
Ferric chloride etch — titration / analysis issues
– 11/28/25
Analysis of nitric-hydrofluoric aluminum etching mixture
– 11/13/25
Zinc coating thickness vs. salt spray resistance
– 9/23/25
Determination of hexavalent Chromium in Trivalent Chrome Plating solution
– 6/17/25
What wavelength for testing Bonderite T-5900?
– 6/2/25
Caustic Analysis — Free Alkali vs. Total Alkali
– 5/16/25
5b. WASTE & WASTEWATER TREATMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL
Need Ion Exchange Recovery System for Nickel RFQ open to all: Wisconsin
– 5/21/26
Water treatment chemicals for metal finishing: Sharing experiences and case studies
– 1/28/26
Wastewater turning black with high nickel numbers
– 11/29/25
Removal of Ammonia from Wastewater
– 7/23/25
Spot test for cyanide in waste water
– 1/26/25
5c. SAFETY ISSUES, EMISSIONS, TOXICITY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Is Aluminum Anodizing Reach & RoHS compliant
– 3/30/26
Cr+6 in Fumes from Welding Stainless Steel
– 1/28/26
Is Thai bronze flatware safe
– 12/2/25
Chromium III vs Chromium VI Plating processes
– 11/17/25
Is boric acid toxic?
– 8/18/25
Health risks of smoking near nickel plating solutions
– 7/28/25
5d. PLANT & PROCESS ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION
Paint Booth Air Flow guidance
– 5/21/26
Small parts barrel plating cylinders: Freeloader?
– 5/1/26
Hanson – VanWinkle – Munning (H-VW-M) / M & T Chemicals memories & memorabilia
– 2/18/26
Sulphuric Acid LR Vs CP grade
– 1/9/26
Barrel plating dangler problems and alternatives
– 12/11/25
Need Racking Machine – Endura
– 10/10/25
Algae, and Ventilation of Boric/Sulfuric Anodizing BAC5632
Inquirer often helps others, so especially deserves our help 2nd Rqst
– 9/25/25
Brass V-blocks Overheating During Chrome Plating
– 9/21/25
Barrel plating dangler problems and alternatives
– 9/13/25
Can Polypropylene Tanks Cause EN-P Adhesion Issues?
– 11/1/25
Why Anodizing Uses a Hollow Copper Work Bar
– 7/1/25
Cooling the Hot DI Seal after Anodizing for Deionization
– 5/7/25
5e. QUESTIONS ABOUT SOFTWARE, SPECS, BOOKS, EDUCATION, INDUSTRY STATS, HISTORY, ETC.
Cadmium plating specifications query
– 1/5/26
Specification DS30000
– 7/23/25
Questions about military finishing spec. MIL-STD-171?
– 5/24/25
Specification VW 13750
– 5/13/25
5f. W…W…W…WORD OF THE WEEK
5g. MOSTLY METALLURGY; Heat Treatment
Do Cadmium rust compounds glow orange/pink in UV?
– 1/23/26
Bright Annealing of 21-6-9 Small Tubular parts and discoloration on the ID
– 10/18/25
3-D printed Inconel 718 part turns blue in vacuum heat treatment
– November 16
5h. METAL RECOVERY
Is this ore/rock Platinum, Palladium & Rhodium?
– 12/10/25
Recycling gold from scrap PC boards
– 10/15/25
Iridium Extraction from Coated Titanium Anodes
– 8/5/25
Reverse electroplating for platinum recovery
– 7/2/25
How many computers for one ounce of gold?
– 6/24/25
Removing/Reclaiming Gold plating from watches, flatware, wheels
– 6/9/25
6. NON-INDUSTRIAL ISSUES
Hobbyists, DIY, Around Home
Pennies stamped on dime blanks
– 5/18/26
Chrome plating is peeling from ABS
– 5/18/26
Fixing scratched paint on refrigerators and stoves
– 5/16/26
Restoring oil-rubbed bronze finish on sink drain
– 5/1/26
Remove paint from old National Cash Register
– 4/25/26
Effect of chloramines and residual NH3 on residential copper piping?
– 3/21/26
Looking for Green Engraver, or parts and manuals
– 3/21/26
Remove rust from zinc plated steel without damaging the plating
– 2/16/26
How to nickel plate aluminum with good adhesion?
– 2/15/26
Wrinkle Paint: How to make or where to buy
– 12/13/25
Cleaning Solution Ruined Lion Paw Clock Feet
– 12/2/25
Can vinyl decals go between the base coat and clear coat?
– 11/17/25
Nickel Plating Antique Wood Stove is Unsuccessful
– 10/14/25
Brass electroplating for amateurs & students
– 10/10/25
Steelcase Tanker Desk Restoration Tips
– 10/5/25
304 Stainless Steel heat coloring inconsistencies
– 10/1/25
Need Gillespie Antique Restorer
– 9/27/25
How to tell whether its blued or painted
– 9/27/25
Removing oxidation from bronze gravemarkers
– 9/13/25
Damaged finish on copper table
– 9/3/25
Green bubbling from silver plated brass cane handle
– 8/21/25
Need info on zinc brightener
– 8/18/25
Protection for outdoor sculptures and statues
– 8/6/25
Sawdust Patination Technique for Large Objects
– 8/6/25
Painting cast iron fountains, Restoring rusty fountains
– 8/3/25
Nickel plating my Taurus pt92 AF
– 8/3/25
Penny isn’t copper color – what do I have?
– 7/26/25
Remove Water Stain from Teak
– 7/11/25
Copper/Aluminum interaction problem in swimming pool
– 5/25/25
Need White Gold Plating on a Ring RFQ open to all: Louisiana
– 5/16/25
6b. RESEARCH, THESIS TOPICS, UNIVERSITY & POST-GRAD STUDENTS
Recover thin sheets of copper from recycled copper
– 11/13/25
Chemical Drop/Black Spot on Alkaline Zinc Plated Part
– 9/8/25
Pure Cobalt Plating Problems & Solutions
– 8/21/25
How to Calculate Plating Rate (Faraday’s Law)
– 7/31/25
Need 20µ gold or silver coating on 50µ dia. spherical magnets RFQ open to all: Southampton, UK
– 5/7/25
6c. K-12 Science Projects, Grammar & High School Student Questions
6d. The Artists’ Corner
How to darken pennies over the whole spectrum
– 4/24/26
Green Titanium Anodizing (Grade 5)
– 11/15/25
Restoring a Bronze Statue
RFQ open to all: Maryland
– 9/9/25
Protecting copper work for a gallery exhibition
– 9/1/25
Need gold plating of small objects RFQ open to all: Brooklyn, NY
– 8/7/25
Emmy is corroding and flaking
– 5/5/25
7. DRIFTED OFF FINISHING, BUT INTERESTING 🙂
>Hoyt Metal bars — looking for info!
– 3/30/26
Marks on rings: Marking system for rings
– 1/28/26
Need Base Ring for Padar Barber Chair RFQ open to all: 2nd Rqst – 12/10/25
Buy new vs. vintage Stiffel floor lamp?
– 12/2/25
Toxic effects of boric acid on animals; from ants to feral cats
– 9/17/25
It’s not a lamp base, it’s a font holder
– 9/9/25
Need sweet spirits of nitre (the traditional folk medicine)
– 8/20/25
Sterling silver vs. silver plate — How to tell?
– 7/5/25
Removing rust on Buddy L pressed steel car
– 6/23/25
Copper Tubing v. Black Iron for Natural Gas?
– 6/16/25
Electroplating science fair project
Antique Icebox & Refrigerator Discussion